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DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING

DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS

Data Communications

* Data Communications
The movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission systems.
Such systems are often called data communications networks.

* Telecommunications
Includes the transmission of voice and video as well as data.

Components of a Network

* Server (or Host computer)
Central computer in the network, storing data or software that can be accessed by the clients.

* Client
The input/output hardware device at the other end of a communications circuit.

* Circuit
The pathway through which the messages travel.


Basic Hardware Components

All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.12) or optical cable ("optical fiber"). An Ethernet card may also be required.

Network interface cards

A network cards, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

Hubs

A network hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied unmodified to all ports of the hub for transmission. The destination address in the frame is not changed to a broadcast address.

Router

is a device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Mesh Topology-Devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network.

Star Topology-All devices are connected to a central hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

Bus Topology-All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone.

Bus Topology-All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.

Tree Topology -A hybrid topology. Groups of star-configured networks are connected to a linear bus backbone.

COLOR-CODE STANDARDS

Again, please bear with me... Let's start with simple pin-out diagrams of the two types of UTP Ethernet cables and watch how committees can make a can of worms out of them. Here are the diagrams:

f we apply the 568A color code and show all eight wires, our pin-out looks like this:

DO NOT DO THIS AT HOME!!!

COMPONENTS

NOTEBOOK ASSEMBLY

PC TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS AND GUIDELINES

HI Guyz! This blog contains tips and guidelines on how to install and troubleshoot Pc's and loptop in just a simple ways... enjoy blogging!!

Laptop Computer Repair

This page is all about basic Laptop computer repair tips. You will learn how to troubleshoot and fix minor laptop problems. If you are looking for an advance step-by-step Laptop repair and maintenance guide then I highly recommend Laptop Repair Online Video Course.

In Laptop computer repair one should pinpoint the accurate problem before taking any action. For example, when a laptop does not function you may rush to change its battery, but the problem may be a bad connection with the power cord. In the same manner a “dead” LCD screen may be a video adapter failure, a main board, burnt out backlight or a bad inverter.

Laptops parts are sensitive and expensive. Trial and error is not a very good solution with all laptop problems.
Some Laptop problems cannot be repaired or not worth repairing. If you can see blocks of dead pixels or a physical crack in the screen then you need to replace the laptop screen. Fixing these type of problems may be difficult or very costly.
Laptop user with a little bit of knowledge can fix common laptop computer problems, usually occurred due to regular usage. However, identifying the problem is crucial before repairing the laptop.


Basic Computer Troubleshooting step by step tutorial. This is the normal procedure used by most Computer Technicians in Repairing or troubleshooting a PC.
Although the PC that I used here is an old Pentium 3 Computer, this Computer Troubleshooting tutorial is also applicable to any Pentium 4 Computers or any Desktop Computers.


Here are the steps to be made.
Check if the power switch is turned on.

• to plug a lamp into the wall socket to make sure power is available
  
• Check if the power cord properly connected to the wall outlet and the computer power socket.


• Check if the cord looks OK and undamaged? If it looks damaged, replace it.
  
• Open the system unit and push down on all the chips, Video Card, Sound Card, Modem or LAN cards, Memory and the CPU to make sure they are seated properly.
  
  
  
  

Ground Yourself to Avoid Static Electric Charges
But before going through with this process, you should turn your Computer off and disconnect the power cord. It is also important to ground yourself by touching the frame of the case before going through the troubleshooting process. All of your PC’s components are sensitive to static electric charges.












Check the power connector from the power supply to the motherboard…
Pull out and reinsert all the cards; try placing them in different slots.











Take out all non-essential parts so that only the basic part such as the motherboard, power supply, display card, controller and drive are left. You can pull-out the cards by removing the screw as shown in the screen shot below.










Replace each part one at a time, until the problem reoccurs.
When you replace a part and the computer stops working, You know that part is the reason for the problem, It can then be replaced.
If the computer still doesn’t operate.

Remove all the remaining cards including the display card and floppy controller.
Turn on the power and check if the power supply is running. If it runs, one of the cards you just removed is bad.

Bringing your Computer to a Computer Repair Service Shops is very costly nowadays. They will charge you unreasonable cost even for a very minor Computer Problems. There is only one solution to that, Learn the Basic Computer Troubleshooting and FIX your own PC.